泰国国王去世|民众集体哀悼|你会用英语介绍这位国王吗？

当地时间10月13日，泰国国王普密蓬·阿杜德去世。在美国纽约，联合国大会成员集体默哀，悼念当日去世的泰国国王普密蓬·阿杜德。在泰国曼谷，泰国民众听到消息后悲痛不已。

泰国国王普密蓬·阿杜德是一位勤政爱民，多才多艺的君主。他精通7门外语，绘画与摄影均达到专业水平。截止到上世纪末，普密蓬国王获得全球各大学授予的名誉学位达136个，这使他成为世界上拥有名誉学位最多的人。在君主制日益衰微的当今世界，像普密蓬国王这样深受民众拥戴、才华出众又拥有一言九鼎之影响力的君主实在不多了。

对于出国在外或是准备出国的同学来说，了解一下这位国王还是非常有必要的，毕竟我们可以和泰国的小伙伴儿聊聊他们最敬爱的国王。下面，我们就来看一看普密蓬国王的介绍吧。

King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, who died Thursday aged 88, reigned through an era of rising prosperity and frequent political turmoil.

泰国国王普密蓬·阿杜德在一个日益繁荣却政治频乱的时期统治王国，他周四逝世，享年88岁。

A member of the Chakri dynasty, which has occupied the Thai throne since the 18th century, US-born and Swiss-educated Bhumibol was a deeply revered figure whose unifying appeal stretched across the spectrum of Thai society, from the rich urban elite to poor provincial farmers.

他是18世纪以来居泰国王位的查克里王朝的成员，出生于美国，在瑞士接受教育。普密蓬深受人们尊敬，获得泰国社会各界一致拥戴，无论城市富裕的精英还是外省贫困的农民。

His seven-decade reign began in the aftermath of Thailand's occupation by Japan during the Second World War, and ended deep into the Internet age.

他统治泰国七十载，执政之初，泰国刚从二战时的日本占领中解放，如今早已是互联网时代。

During the upheavals of the 20th century, he skilfully charted a course that put the monarchy at the center of Thai society, acting as a force for community and tradition even as the country lurched between political crises and military coups.

20世纪多次剧变中，他精巧施策，让皇室处于泰国社会的中心，成为为社会和传统做主的力量，即便国家在政治危机和军事政变间蹒跚而行。

Toward the end of his reign, as his health declined, the King's presence in public life waned. Before his death, analysts expressed concern that his passing will remove a vital point of unity in an increasingly divided country.

他健康恶化，很少在公众场合露面。逝世前，分析者担忧其逝世会让日益分裂的国家中丧失统一的支点。

From 1946, when he acceded to the throne, to the present, Bhumibol reigned over more than 20 prime ministers, more than a dozen coups (both attempted and successful) and repeated constitutional changes.

1946年登基至今，普密蓬历经二十多个首相，十余次政变（包括企图政变和成功政变的）以及宪法反复修改。

Peacemaker

Over the years, the King intervened periodically in political crises, using his influence to try to defuse situations that threatened to destabilize the country. Legally, he had little power, but he carried great sway through his unique position in Thai society.

多年来，国王不断干预政治危机，运用其影响力减缓威胁国家稳定的危机。法律上，他几乎没有权力，但他通过自己在泰国社会独一无二的地位发挥主导作用。

In 1973, the King helped steer the country out of violent clashes between student demonstrators and military rulers.

1973年，国王帮助国家避免学生示威者与军事统治者之间的暴力冲突。

His most noteworthy appearance on the political stage came in May 1992, amid violence between pro-democracy campaigners and the army. The King summoned the two leaders of the rival camps; televised images showed both men submissively kneeling before their monarch and helped calm tensions and stop the violence.

他1992年5月亮相政治舞台最值得关注，当时支持民主的抗议者和军队发生暴力冲突。国王召见两个阵营的领导人，电视画面显示两个男人谦恭地跪在国王前，这有助于缓和紧张态势并遏止暴力。

The intervention is also considered to have further bolstered the King's moral authority.

他的干预被视作进一步强化了国王的道德权威。

Also known as Rama IX -- a reference to his lineage stretching from Rama I, the founder of the Chakri dynasty -- Bhumibol commanded great love and respect within Thailand. An energetic public relations machine promoted his popularity, which led to his portrait being adorned with marigolds from the marble halls of Bangkok office lobbies to the poorest of rural homes.

普密蓬也被称为拉玛九世，传自查克里王朝的开创者拉玛一世。普密蓬在泰国广受爱戴。一个具有活力的公关机构为他宣传，饰有金盏花的画像悬挂各地，包括曼谷办公楼的大理石厅到农村最贫穷的人家。

Criticism against the law

The King represented the country in his travels abroad, meeting with foreign leaders. Over the decades, he worked to improve the lives of ordinary Thais through civic programs, drawing on his engineering background to advise on projects like new irrigation systems.

国王代表国家出访，与外国领导人会晤。几十年来，他致力于通过市政项目改善普通泰国人的生活，用自己的工程学背景为新的灌溉工程提供建议。

Strict laws, against criticizing the monarch restricted frank discussion of his life and personality. The lese majeste laws carry punishments of up to 15 years in prison, and ordinary Thai citizens, as well as the government, could bring charges on behalf of the King, so the laws were sometimes abused as a political weapon.

反对批评皇室的严格法律限制了对他生活和个性开诚布公的讨论。反对皇权最高判处15年监禁，普通泰国公民以及政府可以代表国王起诉，于是法律有时作为政治工具被滥用。

Human rights groups have criticized prison sentences handed down to people convicted of defaming or insulting the Thai royal family. Even the King appeared to question the restrictive climate.

人权组织批评因被控诽谤侮辱泰国皇室而加之于人的判决，国王自己也现身质问这种限制性气候。

"If the King can do no wrong, it is akin to looking down upon him, because the King is not being treated as a human being," he said in his 2005 birthday speech. "The King can do wrong."

“如果国王不会犯错，那可谓有点轻视，因为国王不被当做人来看待。”他在2005年过生日时说。“国王也会犯错。”

But his words seemed to do little to deter the prosecutions. As the political situation in Thailand deteriorated in the wake of a military coup that ousted populist leader Thaksin Shinawatra in 2006, successive administrations pursued more lese majeste cases.

但他的话看来对阻遏这种迫害没什么效力。2006年推翻民选领导人他信的军事政变之后，泰国政治形势恶化，其后的政府提起了更多反皇权案件。

According to Human Rights Watch, between January 2006 and May 2011, more than 400 lese majeste cases were brought to trial. The number of prosecutions decreased after Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, Thaksin's younger sister, took office in 2011, the rights group said.

人权观察数据显示，2006年1月到2011年5月，法院审理了超过400起如是案件。他信的妹妹英拉2011年就职后，迫害数量有所下降。

Yingluck was herself ousted from power in a military coup in May 2014, in the two years that followed, Human Rights Watch said there were 68 lese majeste cases brought to trial, relating to opinions, poems, cartoons and online comments.

英拉本人于2014年5月被军事政变推翻，接下来的两年中，人权观察说法庭审理了68起反皇权案件。

Analysts said the laws prevented public discussion in Thailand on what would happen after the King's death, deepening uncertainty and political tensions.

分析人士表示法律禁止在泰国公开讨论国王死后会发生什么，这加深了不确定性和政治紧张关系。

Young King

Born in 1927 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and raised outside Thailand, Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej of Songkla was a keen photographer and jazz saxophonist in his youth. He engaged in a range of pursuits during his life and received four patents for a number of environmental and agricultural projects, including one for an artificial rainmaking technique.

宋卡的普密蓬·阿杜德剩余马萨诸塞州剑桥镇，不在泰国长大，他年轻时是热心摄影和爵士萨克斯演奏。他一生涉猎广泛，获得环境和农业工程方面的四项专利，包括一项人工降雨技术。

Bhumibol inherited the throne after the death of his brother, King Ananda Mahidol, in 1946. The circumstances surrounding the death of Ananda, who was found in bed with a gunshot wound to his head, remain mysterious.

兄长阿南达国王驾崩，普密蓬登基。阿南达国王头部被人枪击，尸体倒在床上，死因仍然是个谜。

The new King was not formally crowned until May 1950, becoming the head of state of a constitutional monarchy. The Chakri dynasty had absolute rule before 1932, when a coup established the enduring presence of the military in Thai politics.

新国王1950年5月才正式加冕，成为这个君主立宪国家的首脑。查克里王朝1932年以前实施绝对统治，当年的军事政变让军方在泰国政治中长久立足。

For much of the first few decades of Bhumibol's reign, the day-to-day running of the country was dominated by the Thai military and bureaucratic elite. Governments replaced one another through a lengthy sequence of mainly nonviolent coups.

普密蓬继位前几十年中的绝大多数时间，泰国军方和精英官僚主持国家的日常运行。非暴力政变频仍，政府像走马灯一样更迭。

The painful and slow transition toward a more democratic government began in the 1970s, with several setbacks along the way.

七十年代开始，向更加民主的政府转变是痛苦和缓慢的，又多次挫折反复。

Changing country

Of the many changes Thailand has undergone since Bhumibol came to the throne, the growth in the nation's economy is among the most spectacular.

普密蓬继位以来泰国经理的众多变化中，国家经济的增长是最引人注目的。

Largely agrarian when he came to power, Thailand has since become an industrial and service-sector giant and is the second largest economy in Southeast Asia after Indonesia.

登基时泰国还主要是个农业国家，如今成为一个工业化和服务业大国，仅次于印尼的东南亚第二大经济体。

It remains one of the world's top rice producers and has become one of the most popular tourist destinations. It is also a regional manufacturing hub for the motor vehicle industry and hi-tech electronics.

泰国仍然是世界最大的稻米产地之一，成为最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一。泰国还是摩托车和高科技电子产品的地区制造中心。

As wealth has poured into the country, living standards have risen significantly, upsetting the social balance in a country that leading scholars dubbed a "network monarchy": an extensive network of royal patronage that extends outward from the palace into the rest of society.

随着财富日丰，生活水准也显著提高，同时打破了国家的社会平衡，不少顶尖学者将之成为“网络君主制”：皇家特权遍布，从宫廷渗透到社会其他领域。

The largely rural and populous northeast of the country, a region in which Bhumibol worked enthusiastically to promote agricultural and social development, has experienced rising prosperity, creating a growing middle class.

在国家东北部人口众多的农业地区，普密蓬热心致力于促进农业和社会发展，现在这里持续繁荣，中产阶级不断壮大。

The northeast was also a bastion of support for Thaksin, whose populist policies helped generate a political movement that unsettled the established elites.

东北部也是他信支持者的大本营，他信的民粹主义政策导致了颠覆建制派精英的政治运动。

Since Thaksin was toppled in 2006, Thailand has been riven by political instability, as the country divided into political groupings that drew their support from a complex network of associations: on one side, the generally pro-Thaksin red shirts whose support comes mainly from rural communities in the north and east; on the other, the urban and middle class elites, who largely favour a less populist, more paternalistic form of governance.

2006年他信被推翻后，泰国陷入政治动荡，国家被分裂成从复杂的联盟网络中争取支持的两个政治集团：一边是支持他信的的红衫军，主要来自东北部的农业地区，另一边是城市中产精英，主要支持民粹色彩和家长作风较轻的治理形式。

Despite sometimes violent factionalism, all sides claim allegiance to the King. His intense popularity allowed for widespread celebrations of his 80th birthday in 2007, when millions wore yellow, a color associated with the King.

尽管派别暴力时有发生，双方都宣称效忠于国王。普密蓬的人气很高，2007年80岁生日时举行全国大庆，数百万身穿黄色，这一颜色代表国王。

Poor health

But amid the political instability of recent years, Bhumibol's health began to fade and public appearances became more infrequent.

近年来泰国政治不稳，普密蓬身体衰老，不常露面。

He was admitted to a Bangkok hospital in September 2009 with respiratory problems, a stay that lasted four years. In October 2014, he returned to have his gallbladder removed, staying in the hospital for another seven months.

普密蓬2009年9月因呼吸系统问题住院，一住四年。2014年10月，他再次住院，胆囊切除，在医院中又住了7个月。

The political chaos was followed by another military coup. The army chief who led the seizure of power in May 2014 announced shortly afterward that he had received the King's endorsement.

政治混乱导致了又一次军事政变。军队总司令于2014年5月夺权，很快宣布得到了国王同意。

When the King left the hospital in May 2015, he was greeted by crowds of well-wishers as he moved to the summer palace. But just a few weeks later he returned to the hospital and had remained there since, receiving treatment for fluid on the lungs and surgery to widen the arteries in his heart.

国王2015年5月出院后，大批祝福者迎接他回到夏宫。几周后再次入院，原因是肺部积水，并做手术拓宽心脏动脉。

Some observers of Thailand have said the looming prospect of change in the monarchy has exacerbated political tensions in the country in recent years. With the King's death, a vital source of political legitimacy has perished.

有泰国观察者认为王位可能变更，这加剧了该国近年来的政治紧张态势。国王已死，一种关键的政治合法性来源就消失了。

King Bhumibol will be a hard act to follow. His expected successor and designated heir is Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn.

普密蓬难以仿效，他的指定继任者是玛哈·哇集拉隆功王子殿下。

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