TPO 30-01 阅读真题、答案及参考译文

如果需要更多TPO真题，请关注留学留学监理服务网或者扫描文章下方的二维码，免费索取；您还可以在留学监理服务网上填写申请表https://www.liuxue315.cn/consult/免费获取。

Role of Play in Development

Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance--dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.

Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.

Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.

The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.

Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.

Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.

There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play."

Paragraph 1: Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance--dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.

如果需要更多TPO真题，请关注留学留学监理服务网或者扫描文章下方的二维码，免费索取；您还可以在留学监理服务网上填写申请表https://www.liuxue315.cn/consult/免费获取。

1.According to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?

O   Play must be defined with concepts, not examples.

O   Play behavior often looks like nonplay behavior

O   Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing

O   Play occurs independently of an animal’s intentions

Paragraph 2: Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.

2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animals

O   The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.

O   The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.

O   The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.

O   The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.

Paragraph 3: Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.

3.The word “considerable” in the passage is closest in the meaning to

O   Initial

O   Practical

O   Eventually

O   Significant

4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT

O   exposure to predators

O   a buildup of fat stores

O   a loss of fuel that could be used for growth

O   risk of injury from slipping or falling

Paragraph 4: The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.

5.Why does the author include the comment “though they were fed the same diets”?

O   To show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments

O   To eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weight

O   To emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them alive

O   To suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food

6.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal’s brain.

O   The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.

O   The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

O   The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

O   The larger the animal’s cerebellum, the larger will be the animal’s nerve cells.

Paragraph 5: Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.

7.According to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?

O   Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.

O   Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.

O   The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.

O   Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.

Paragraph 6: Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.

8.The word “comparative” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O   relative

O   temporary

O   sufficient

O   complete

9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

O   Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.

O   Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.

O   Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.

O   Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.

10. What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities of the young?

O   Adults help their young learn to become dominant within the social group.

O   Young animals learn how to play from the adults within their social group.

O   Adults allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sage environment.

O   The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their young how to deal with the threats of predators.

Paragraph 7: There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. ■This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. ■Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■

11. The word “potentially” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O   undoubtedly

O   possibly

O   unfortunately

O   quickly

12. According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?

O   By playing only with animals who are not predator

O   By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous

O   By practicing nonaggressive and non-predatory behaviors

O   By using a set of signals that occurs only in play

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.

With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.

Where would the sentence best fit?

14.Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals.

●

●

●

Answer Choices

O   Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of play

O   Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while playing.

O   Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.

O   The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.

O   Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the species.

O   As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of their development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.

如果需要更多TPO真题，请关注留学留学监理服务网或者扫描文章下方的二维码，免费索取；您还可以在留学监理服务网上填写申请表https://www.liuxue315.cn/consult/免费获取。

参考答案

1.○2

2.○1

3.○4

4.○2

5.○2

6.○1

7.○3

8.○1

9.○3

10.○3

11.○2

12.○4

13.○4

14. Although play often resembles …

Energy expenditure and …

As experiments and …

如果需要更多TPO真题，请关注留学留学监理服务网或者扫描文章下方的二维码，免费索取；您还可以在留学监理服务网上填写申请表https://www.liuxue315.cn/consult/免费获取。

参考译文：玩耍在发育中的角色

用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。在任何情况下，动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃，奔跑，攀登，投掷，格斗和另外的一些动作，而玩耍的对象可能有其它物品或者动物。根据物种的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，锻炼，或探索。定义“玩耍”的难点之一是，玩耍过程中常常包含一些与其它情况下相似的行为，例如统治，捕食，竞争和搏斗。因此，判断其是否玩耍，要根据动物的目的来确认，而常常通过行为本身很难分析其目的。

玩耍似乎是那些有着相对复杂的神经系统的动物，主要是鸟类和哺乳动物，的一个发育，发展的特征。玩耍的大量研究主要在灵长类和犬类中进行。动物到底为什么要玩耍仍然在文献中存在争议，并且每种物种玩耍的原因也不尽相同。确定玩耍的功能很难，因为它的功能是长期的，伴随着一些直到动物成年才会显现出来的有利影响。

玩耍对于动物个体并非没有一定的代价。玩耍通常是非常活跃的，包括一些动作，有时也会发出声音。所以，这些都会导致一些年幼的动物的本来可以用来生长或者储存脂肪的能量流失。另一个潜在的代价是玩耍增加了动物暴漏给天敌的几率，因为这些多动是吸引注意的行为。大量的运动也会增加摔倒滑倒导致受伤的危险。

根据达尔文理论，玩耍的好处一定超过其损失，不然玩耍就不会得以进化。其中一些潜在的好处就是直接关于动物的大脑和神经系统的健康发展。在一项研究中，两组小鼠被养在不同的环境中。第一组成长在一个比较“富裕”的环境中，这样的环境使其可以与其他老鼠接触，和玩具玩儿，并且接受迷宫训练。另一组生活在“穷困”的环境中，它们被养在独立笼子里，只有微弱的光照和极少的刺激。最后，结果表明生活在单一环境中的老鼠的大脑重量要比生活在复杂情况下的老鼠的大脑轻（即使它们被喂养的食物一样的）。另外一些研究表明，较大的刺激不仅会影响大脑的大小，而且也会增加神经细胞间连接的数量。因此，活跃的玩耍可以为大脑中的突触连接提供必要的刺激，特别是负责运动机能的小脑。

玩耍也会刺激肌肉组织的生长，并能提供练习生存技能的机会。被捕食者，比如小鹿或者山羊，其典型的玩耍动作就是突然快速跳跃和转弯，相反捕食者，比如猫科动物，则练习潜行追踪，猛扑和撕咬。

玩耍有助于幼年动物探索其生存环境，并且由于周围的成年动物一般不期望孩子去处理威胁和捕食者，所以它们可以在相对安全的环境中练习技能。玩耍也可以练习求爱和交配的社交行为。学习适当的社交行为特别重要，尤其是对于群居动物，比如猴子，它们需要学会控制自己的自私和攻击性，学着去懂得付出和收获的关系以融入群体。它们要学习怎么去统治和顺从因为每只猴子都会在将来扮演其中某个角色。大部分这类事情都在灵长类的长期的幼龄时期学习，期间它们有数不清的玩耍经验。

当然玩耍也有危险。玩耍可能会被别的动物误会，或者不被当做玩耍而潜在地造成攻击。这个情况尤其在扮演练习正常的侵略性或捕食行为过程中。因此，许多物种都有其明确的表明玩耍的信号。比如狗，它们用会摇尾巴，前腿趴下，撅着屁股来表示“以下行为都是逗你玩儿的！”

如对本文有疑问或者想了解更多留学信息，请与我们联系，咨询热线：4000-315-285 获得免费留学咨询服务。

相关文章推荐：

生活百态：为省钱，美大学生一直住在车里？

美国留学 本科奖学金申请条件

美国留学 硕士奖学金申请条件

搜索“留学监理网”或者扫描下面的二维码关注“留学监理服务网”微信了解更多留学相关信息！

• 上一篇：细说美国大学里的十类极品学生
• 下一篇：大揭底 ：USNews的排名到底是怎么炮制出来的？

• 相关文章

  • 留学申请 要不要找留学中介
  • 出国留学费用一般要多少
  • 选择留学中介的十大误区
  • 如何选择美国留学中介
  • 2021年USNews公布美国录取率最低的9所大学！
  • 申请美国研究生GPA低需要注意这几点

• 最新问答

  查看更多>>
  • 香港留学一年的费用需要多少钱
  • 应届高三学生申请出国留学读本科的途径有哪些？如何选择？
  • 今年高考的文科生，二本线，读什么专业好？
  • 高考成绩刚过一本线，高考志愿填报和出国留学如何选择？
  • 什么是CUG完全大学指南？
  • 什么是CWUR世界大学排名？